Knee pain is a common symptom affecting the joint that connects the thigh bone and lower leg. It may develop gradually from wear and tear or suddenly after an injury, and can range from mild discomfort to pain that limits walking and daily activity.
Evaluation may include physical examination and imaging where needed. Treatment can range from physiotherapy and pain management to arthroscopic surgery for ligament or meniscus repair. Joint replacement may be considered for advanced arthritis or severe joint damage.
Shoulder pain refers to discomfort arising from the shoulder joint, muscles, tendons or surrounding structures. It can make reaching, lifting, dressing and sleeping on one side difficult.
Treatment may include physiotherapy and anti-inflammatory management for milder conditions. Persistent or advanced problems may require arthroscopic procedures such as rotator cuff repair or capsular release.
Hip pain is discomfort around the hip joint, groin or outer hip. Because the hip is a major weight-bearing joint, pain can affect walking, climbing stairs, sleep and independence.
Early-stage pain may be managed with physiotherapy and conservative treatment, including injections where appropriate. Partial or total hip replacement may be considered for advanced arthritis or significant joint damage.
Elbow pain can arise from the joint, tendons, ligaments, nerves or bone. It may be caused by repetitive activities, sports, desk work or a direct injury.
Treatment may include rest, activity modification, bracing and physiotherapy. Targeted injections or minimally invasive treatment may be considered for persistent or severe injuries.
Wrist and hand pain can involve the bones, joints, ligaments, tendons or nerves. Because the hands are used continuously for work and daily activities, symptoms can significantly affect function.
Treatment may include rest, activity modification, bracing and physiotherapy. Targeted injections or minimally invasive treatment may be considered for persistent or severe injuries.
Ankle and foot pain can result from injury, overuse or structural problems and may affect walking, exercise and balance.
Treatment may include immobilisation and physiotherapy for sprains and appropriate conservative care for overuse conditions. Significant ligament tears or fractures may require arthroscopic or open surgical repair.
Arthritis is a broad term for conditions affecting the joints and may cause pain, stiffness, swelling and reduced movement. Different types have different causes, including age-related wear and autoimmune disease.
Treatment may include medication, physiotherapy and lifestyle modification in earlier stages. Joint replacement may be considered when arthritis significantly limits daily function.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint condition in which joint cartilage gradually wears down. It commonly affects weight-bearing joints and can progressively reduce comfort and mobility.
Treatment can include weight management, physiotherapy and injections for early-stage disease. Partial or total joint replacement may be considered when cartilage loss and functional limitation are advanced.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks joint tissue. It requires ongoing medical management and can lead to progressive joint damage if not controlled.
Management is coordinated with rheumatology and may include medical treatment and joint protection strategies. Orthopaedic procedures, including joint replacement, may be considered for joints with advanced damage.
Back pain is discomfort affecting the upper or lower back. It is common and may be related to muscles, posture, spinal discs or other spinal structures.
Most cases may be managed with physiotherapy, posture correction and pain management. Minimally invasive spine surgery may be considered for structural problems that do not respond to conservative treatment.
Chronic lower back pain is persistent pain in the lower back lasting for months rather than days. It often requires evaluation of the underlying cause and a long-term management strategy.
Treatment may combine physiotherapy, targeted injections and lifestyle modification. When a structural cause is identified and conservative care is insufficient, minimally invasive spine surgery may be considered.
Neck pain affects the cervical region and may arise from muscles, joints, discs or nerves. It is often associated with prolonged desk work or phone use but can also result from spinal conditions or injury.
Most cases may improve with posture correction, physiotherapy and ergonomic guidance. Targeted intervention may be needed when nerve compression is present.
Cervical spondylosis is age-related wear affecting the discs and joints of the neck. It is common and may cause stiffness, pain and, in more advanced cases, nerve-related symptoms.
Treatment may include physiotherapy, posture correction and medication. Surgical decompression is generally reserved for significant nerve involvement.
A herniated or 'slipped' disc occurs when disc material affects nearby nerves or structures. It can cause back pain and radiating pain, numbness or weakness in the leg.
Many cases improve with physiotherapy, activity modification and medication. Minimally invasive spine surgery may be considered for persistent symptoms or neurological deficit
Sciatica is pain that travels along the sciatic nerve pathway, commonly from the lower back into the buttock and leg. It is a symptom caused by irritation or compression of the nerve.
Treatment may include physiotherapy, targeted stretching and medication. Surgery is generally considered for persistent pain or progressive weakness.
Ankylosing spondylitis is a form of inflammatory arthritis affecting the spine and joints. It may be mistaken for ordinary back pain but has a characteristic inflammatory pattern.
Management may include anti-inflammatory medication, structured exercise therapy and posture management, with coordinated rheumatology care for disease-modifying treatment.
The ACL is an important stabilising ligament of the knee. A tear can cause the knee to feel unstable, especially during pivoting and sports activities.
Treatment depends on the tear and activity goals. Options include supervised rehabilitation for selected patients or arthroscopic ACL reconstruction for active patients seeking a return to higher-level sport.
The meniscus is a cartilage-like structure that cushions and stabilises the knee. A tear can occur suddenly during twisting injuries or gradually through degenerative changes.
Small, stable tears may be managed with physiotherapy. Larger or unstable tears may require arthroscopic meniscus repair or trimming, with preservation of meniscal tissue prioritised where possible.
Ligaments connect bones and provide joint stability. Injuries can range from mild sprains to complete tears and may affect joints such as the knee or shoulder.
Bracing and physiotherapy may be used for mild to moderate injuries. Arthroscopic reconstruction may be required for complete tears that significantly affect joint stability.
The rotator cuff is a group of tendons and muscles that help stabilise and move the shoulder. Injury can cause pain, weakness and difficulty lifting the arm.
Treatment may include physiotherapy and injections for selected partial tears. Complete or large tears may require arthroscopic repair with rehabilitation through recovery.
Tennis elbow is an overuse condition causing pain around the outer elbow. Despite its name, it commonly affects people whose work or activities involve repetitive wrist and forearm movements.
Most cases may be managed with rest, bracing and physiotherapy. Targeted injections or minor surgical release may be considered when symptoms persist.
Frozen shoulder is a condition in which the shoulder becomes progressively painful and stiff, with a significant loss of movement over time.
Treatment is usually staged and may include physiotherapy and anti-inflammatory treatment. Capsular release procedures may be considered when conservative treatment does not provide sufficient improvement.
A fracture is a break in a bone, while complex trauma may involve severe or multiple injuries. Prompt assessment is important for alignment, stability and recovery.
Treatment begins with stabilisation and imaging. Simple fractures may be treated with casting, while complex or displaced fractures may require surgical fixation.
Sports injuries include damage to muscles, ligaments, cartilage or bone sustained during sport or exercise. Proper assessment helps guide a safe return to activity.
Treatment may include conservative management or arthroscopic surgery for appropriate ligament and cartilage injuries, followed by structured sport-specific rehabilitation.
Gym injuries are injuries sustained during exercise or weight training, often when technique, training load or recovery is not appropriate for the individual's current capacity.
Most injuries may be managed with rest, physiotherapy and corrective movement guidance. Significant ligament or tendon tears may require surgical repair.
Joint replacement is a surgical treatment used when a severely damaged joint no longer responds adequately to conservative treatment. It can involve the hip, knee or shoulder.
Treatment may involve partial or total joint replacement using modern implants, followed by structured rehabilitation to restore functional movement.
Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones become weak or brittle, increasing the risk of fractures. It may develop silently until a fracture occurs.
Treatment may include bone density screening, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, weight-bearing exercise and medication where indicated.
Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive 'keyhole' surgical technique used to diagnose and treat certain joint problems through small incisions using specialised cameras and instruments.
Where appropriate, arthroscopy may allow treatment through smaller incisions with reduced tissue trauma. Recovery depends on the procedure and the condition being treated.
Limb length discrepancy means one limb is shorter than the other. Limb lengthening is a specialised reconstructive procedure used in selected cases to gradually correct the difference.
Advanced limb reconstruction and lengthening techniques may be used, including gradual correction with external fixation where appropriate. Treatment is carefully monitored over time.
Bone or limb deformity refers to abnormal alignment or shape that may be present from birth, develop during growth or occur after an injury heals in an incorrect position.
Treatment may include precise surgical correction using osteotomy techniques and, where needed, external fixation for gradual correction.
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